This book provides readers with a comprehensive description of the social demography of the American family. Looking at family continuity and change in the latter half of the 20th century, this book explores such topics as the growth in cohabitation and changes in childbearing and how these trends affect family life. Other topics include the changing lives of single mothers, fathers, and grandparents and increasing economic disparities among families; childcare and child well being; and combining paid work and family.

Acknowledgments

ix

Introduction

xiii

Is the American Family in Decline?

xv

A Note on the Demographic Approach to Studying Families

xviii

Theoretical Frameworks in Family Demography

xxi

A Note on Data and Family Terminology

xxviii

Choices of Topics and Organization of This Volume

xxxii

Changing Families in a Changing Society

1

(38)

A Changing Society

2

(5)

Changing Households and Families

7

(6)

Racial Differences in Household and Family Structure

13

(5)

Delayed Marriage and Living Arrangements of Young Adults

18

(5)

Cohabitation

23

(1)

Marriage, Divorce, and Remarriage

24

(3)

Childbearing

27

(2)

Living Arrangements of the Elderly

29

(4)

Intergenerational Ties and Multigenerational Living

33

(3)

Conclusion

36

(3)

Cohabitation

39

(28)

Who Cohabits and How Has This Changed Over Time?

41

(5)

A Note on Gay and Lesbian Cohabiting Households

46

(3)

Cohabitation and Marriage

49

(3)

Are Cohabiting and Married Individuals Becoming More Alike?

52

(2)

Cohabitation and Single Life

54

(3)

Different Purposes, Different Cohabitors

57

(3)

Race and the Meaning of Cohabitation

60

(2)

Premarital Cohabitation and Risk of Divorce

62

(2)

Conclusion

64

(3)

Childbearing

67

(28)

Martin O'Connell

Entering Motherhood: Childbearing Among Cohorts of Women

71

(3)

Number of Children and Childlessness

74

(2)

Generational Differences in Childbearing

76

(4)

Nonmarital Childbearing

80

(4)

Employment Patterns Before and After Pregnancy

84

(2)

Birth Expectations

86

(4)

Fertility in Men's Lives

90

(2)

Conclusion

92

(3)

Single-Mother Families

95

(28)

Who Is a Single Mother?

97

(1)

Trends in Single Motherhood

98

(4)

Cohabitation and Single Parenting

102

(3)

Cohort Change in Lifetime Experience of Single Mothering

105

(3)

Changing Socioeconomic Characteristics of Single Mothers

108

(7)

Variation Among Single Mothers

115

(2)

Single Mothers and Welfare Reform

117

(2)

Conclusion

119

(4)

Fathering

123

(26)

Beliefs About Father Involvement: Ideals and Realities

125

(1)

Declining Fatherhood: Long-Term Trends in Men's Coresidential Parenting

126

(2)

Lifetime Estimates of Parenthood

128

(2)

Father-Only Families and Cohabitation

130

(3)

Characteristics of Single and Married Fathers

133

(2)

Child Custody

135

(2)

Contact Between Nonresident Fathers and Their Children

137

(2)

Child Support Among Nonresident Fathers

139

(2)

Married Fathers' Time and Activities With Children

141

(2)

Fathers' and Mothers' Views on Father Involvement

143

(2)

Conclusion

145

(4)

Grandparenting

149

(28)

How Has Grandparenthood Changed Over the Years?

151

(2)

Grandparenting

153

(4)

Grandparents and Single Parenting

157

(2)

Multigenerational Families With Grandparents

159

(3)

Heterogeneity in Multigenerational Families With Grandparents

162

(3)

Characteristics of Grandparents in Multigenerational Families

165

(3)

Economic Well-Being of Grandparents in Multigenerational Families

168

(1)

Racial Differences in Multigenerational Families With Grandparents

169

(1)

Economic Well-Being of Grandchildren in Multigenerational Families

170

(3)

Conclusion

173

(4)

Child Care

177

(32)

Growth in Nonparental Child Care

180

(6)

How Do Parents Choose Child Care?

186

(6)

Complexity of Child-Care Arrangements

192

(11)

Child Care and Child Well-Being

203

(2)

Conclusion

205

(4)

Child Well-Being

209

(40)

Changing Numbers of U.S. Children

211

(2)

A Transformation of Family Life

213

(4)

Foster Children and Adopted Children

217

(1)

Children in Gay and Lesbian Families

218

(1)

Children's Economic Security

219

(5)

Parents and Children

224

(8)

How Do Children Spend Their Time?

232

(9)

Children's Health

241

(2)

Teens, Mortality, and Risky Behaviors

243

(1)

Conclusion

243

(6)

Economic Causes and Consequences of Changing Family Structure

249

(32)

Trends in Household and Per Capita Income

250

(5)

Poverty Trends

255

(2)

Racial Differences in Income and Poverty

257

(3)

The Feminization of Poverty

260

(1)

Changing Employment and Earnings of Women

261

(3)

Declining Male Wages

264

(1)

The Juvenilization of Poverty

265

(2)

Family Income Inequality and Relative Economic Well-Being

267

(3)

Components of Rising Household Income Inequality

270

(1)

Changing Economics and Family Formation and Dissolution

271

(3)

Consequences of Marital Disruption in Families With Children

274

(3)

The Gender Gap in Income After Marital Disruption

277

(1)

Conclusion

278

(3)

Combining Work and Family

281

(30)

The Increase in Mothers' Labor Force Participation

285

(9)

Attitudes About Women's Work

294

(2)

Women's and Men's Nonmarket Work

296

(7)

When Do Men Do More Housework?

303

(1)

Perceived Success at Work-Family Balance

304

(1)

Dual Earning and Family Well-Being

304

(3)

Conclusion

307

(4)

Conclusion

311

(6)

References

317

(34)

Index

351

(18)

About the Authors

369

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Continuity and Change in the American Family

9780761920090

0761920099

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