Written by eminent education scholar Thomas Neville Bonner, Becoming A Physician is a groundbreaking, comprehensive history of Western medical education. The only work of its kind, it covers the United States, Great Britain, France, and Germany. Comparative in focus, the narrative unfolds within the context of social, political, and intellectual transformations that occurred in Europe and North America between the Enlightenment and Nazi Germany. Viewing the late eighteenth century as a watershed in the development of medical education, Bonner begins by describing how earlier practices evolved in the 1800s with the introduction of clinical practices. He then traces the growth of laboratory teaching in the nineteenth century and the twentieth-century preoccupation with establishing a university standard of medical education. Throughout, Bonner pays particular attention to the students, chronicling their daily lives and discussing changes in the medical school population and the various biases-- class, gender, racial, and religious--students and prospective students faced.

Thomas Neville Bonner is Distinguished Professor of History and Higher Education at Wayne State University.

Introduction	p. 3
An Uncertain Enterprise: Learning to Heal in the Enlightenment	p. 12
The Breakdown of the Medieval Order	p. 14
Varieties of Healers	p. 16
Serving the Rural Population	p. 22
The Role of the State	p. 26
Changing Patterns of Medical Study Before 1800	p. 33
Medicine as University Study	p. 34
Other Sites of Medical Study	p. 43
Rapprochement of Medicine and Surgery	p. 56
The Shape of Things to Come	p. 58
Lives of Medical Students and Their Teachers (Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century)	p. 61
Social Class and Medical Study	p. 63
The Chorus of Advice	p. 70
A Portrait of a Student of Medicine	p. 72
Classroom and Hospital	p. 80
Vexations of Academic Life	p. 81
The Medical Teacher	p. 89
Across National Boundaries	p. 98
The Clinical Impulse and National Response, 1780-1830	p. 103
What Is a Clinic?	p. 104
The Revolutionary Changes in France	p. 106
Hospital or Policlinic?	p. 109
Clinical Teaching in Britain and America	p. 114
Outside the Walls of Academe	p. 119
Military Medicine and the Clinic	p. 123
Glimpses of Clinical Teaching	p. 125
Contrasts in French Clinical Training	p. 128
Practical Teaching in Anglo-America	p. 132
Paris, the Clinic, and History	p. 136
Science and Medical Study: Early Nineteenth Century	p. 142
The New Sciences and the Old Curriculum	p. 145
The Spread of "Morbid Anatomy,"	p. 146
The Beginnings of Physiology as a Medical Subject	p. 151
Medical Study and National Differences	p. 156
A Bird's Eye View of Medical Education in 1830	p. 158
The German Enterprise in Medical Education	p. 159
The French System: Comparisons and Contrasts	p. 163
An Overview of Medical Education in Great Britain	p. 166
North American Medical Training in 1830	p. 175
Toward New Goals for Medical Education, 1830-1850	p. 182
The Struggle for Change in Britain and America	p. 182
The Aims of Reformers on the Continent	p. 185
Germany Advances the Single Standard	p. 187
The Reform Movement in France	p. 190
Creating a Safe, General Practitioner in Great Britain	p. 193
Striving for Change in the United States	p. 195
Medical Teachers at Midcentury	p. 200
Between Clinic and Laboratory: Students and Teaching at Midcentury	p. 203
Social Distinctions in Preparation for Medicine	p. 204
Women and Medical Education Circa 1850	p. 207
The Lives of Medical Students	p. 213
A Changing Curriculum	p. 217
Beyond the Classroom	p. 226
The Spread of Laboratory Teaching, 1850-1870	p. 231
Why Germany?	p. 232
The Laboratory as an Extension of Practical Teaching	p. 236
The Spread of Laboratory Teaching, 1850-1870	p. 239
The Teaching Laboratory in France	p. 241
Anglo-American Teaching and the Laboratory	p. 244
The Laboratory Versus the Clinic: The Fight for the Curriculum, 1870-1890	p. 251
The Axis of the 1870s	p. 252
The German University at Its Zenith	p. 253
Reappraising Medical Training in France	p. 255
The 1870s in Great Britain	p. 259
America in the 1870s	p. 264
The Fight for the Curriculum	p. 268
Conflict in Germany	p. 269
The Clinic Versus the Laboratory in Great Britain	p. 275
Resistance to Laboratory Science in America	p. 276
The French Clinic and the "Auxiliary" Sciences	p. 278
After 1890	p. 278
Toward a University Standard of Medical Education, 1890-1920	p. 280
The Persistence of National Differences	p. 281
The Systems at the Fin de Siecle	p. 285
Universities, Laboratory Science, and Medicine	p. 288
Medical Education and the American University	p. 291
The Goal of University Teaching in Britain	p. 295
Science, the Clinic, and Flexner	p. 298
The War and Medical Education, 1914-1920	p. 306
Changing Student Populations in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century	p. 309
Changing Expectations and Rising Costs	p. 309
The Limited Admission of Women to Medicine	p. 312
Anti-Semitism and Medical Study	p. 315
The Student Experience	p. 316
Access to Patients and Clinics	p. 318
Consolidation, Stability, and New Upheavals, 1920-1945	p. 325
The Aftermath of War	p. 326
Between the Wars	p. 327
British Efforts at Change in the 1920s	p. 330
The Continent: Echoes of Old Battles	p. 332
The Hardening of National Differences	p. 336
Students, Depression, and Political Turmoil	p. 337
Women's Study Between the Wars	p. 338
Anti-Semitism in Germany and Elsewhere	p. 340
African Americans and Medical Study	p. 342
War and Medical Study: 1939-1945	p. 343
A Closing Word	p. 346
Bibliography	p. 349
Index	p. 405
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

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Becoming a Physician Medical Education in Great Britain, France, Germany, and the United States, 1750-1945

9780195062984

0195062981

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